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第一章18世纪80年代的世界
[1]Saint-Just,Oeuvrescomplètes,II,p.514.
[2]A.Hovelacque,Latailledansuncantonligure.RevueMensuelledel’Ecoled’Anthropologie(Paris1896).
[3]L.DalPane,StoriadelLavorodagliinizidelsecoloXVIIIal1815(1958),p.135.R.S.Eckers,TheNorth-SouthDifferentialinItalianEconomicDevelopment,JournalofEconomicHistory,XXI,1961,p.290.
[5]H.Sée,Esquissed’uneHistoireduRégimeAgraireenEuropeauXVIIIetXIXsiècles(1921),p.184,J.Blum,LordandPeasantinRussia(1961),pp.455—60.
[7]A.Goodwined.TheEuropeanNobilityintheEighteenthCentury(1953),p.52.
[8]L.B.Namier,1848,TheRevolutionoftheIntellectuals(1944);J.VicensVives,HistoriaEconomicadeEspa?a(1959).
[9]StenCarlsson,Stàndssamh?lleochstàndspersoner1700—1865(1949).
[10]PierreLebrunetal.,LarivoluzioneindustrialinBelgio,StudiStorici,II,3—4,1961,pp.564—5.
[11]LikeTurgot(OeuvresV,p.244):‘Ceuxquiconnaissentlamarcheducommercesaventaussiquetouteentrepriseimportante,detraficoud’industrie,exigeleconcoursdedeuxespècesd’hommes,d’entrepreneurs...etdesouvriersquitravaillentpourIecomptedespremiers,moyennantunsalaireconvenu.Telleestlavéritableoriginedeladistinctionentrelesentrepreneursetlesma?tres,etlesouvriersoucompagnons,laquelleestfondésurlanaturedeschoses.’
第二章工业革命
[1]ArthurYoung,ToursinEnglandandWales,LondonSchoolofEconomicsedition,p.269.
[2]A.deToqueville,JourneystoEnglandandIreland,ed.J.P.Mayer(1958),pp.107—8.
[3]AnnaBezanson,TheEarlyUsesoftheTermIndustrialRevolution,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,XXXVI,1921—2,p.343,G.N.Clark,TheIdeaoftheIndustrialRevolution(Glasgow1953).
[4]cf.A.E.Musson&E.Robinson,ScienceandIndustryinthelateEighteenthCentury,EconomicHistoryReview,XIII.2,Dec1960,andR.E.Schofield’sworkontheMidlandIndustrialistsandtheLunarSocietyIsis47(March1956),48(1957),AnnalsofScienceII(June1956)etc.
[6]W.G.Hoffmann,TheGrowthofIndustrialEconomics(Manchester1958),p.68.
[7]A.P.Wadsworth&J.deL.Mann,TheCottonTradeandIndustrialLancashire(1931),chapterVII.
[8]F.Crouzet,LeBlocusContinentaletl’EconomicBritannique(1958),p.63,suggeststhatin1805itwasuptotwo-thirds.
[9]P.K.O’Brien,BritishIncomesandPropertyintheearlyNineteenthCentury,EconomicHistoryReview,XII,2(1959),p.267.
[11]Baines,HistoryoftheCottonManufactureinGreatBritain(London1835).p.431.
[12]P.Mathias,TheBrewingIndustryinEngland(Cambridge1959).
[13]M.Mulhall,DictionaryofStatistics(1892),p.158.
[14]Baines,op.cit.,p.112.
[15]cf.PhyllisDeane,EstimatesoftheBritishNationalIncome,EconomicHistoryReview(April1956andApril1957).
[16]O’Brien,op.cit.,p.267.
[17]Forthestationarystatecf.J.Schumpeter,HistoryofEconomicAnalysis(1954),pp.570—1.ThecrucialformulationisJohnStuartMill’s(PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,BookIV,chapteriv):‘Whenacountryhaslongpossessedalargeproduction,andalargenetincometomakesavingfrom,andwhen,therefore,themeanshavelongexistedofmakingagreatannualadditiontocapital;itisoneofthecharacteristicsofsuchacountry,thattherateofprofitishabituallywithin,asitwere,ahand’sbreadthoftheminimum,andthecountrythereforeontheveryvergeofthestationarystate...Themerecontinuanceofthepresentannualincreaseincapitalifnocircumstancesoccurredtocounteritseffectwouldsufficeinasmallnumberofyearstoreducethenetrateofprofit(totheminimum).’However,whenthiswaspublished(1848)thecounteractingforce-thewaveofdevelopmentinducedbytherailways-hadalreadyshownitself.
[18]BytheradicalJohnWade,HistoryoftheMiddleandWorkingClasses,thebankerLordOverstone,ReflectionssuggestedbytheperusalofMrJ.HorsleyPalmer’spamphletonthecausesandconsequencesofthepressureontheMoneyMarket(1837),theAnti-CornLawcampaignerJ.Wilson,FluctuationsofCurrency,CommerceandManufacture;referabletotheCornLaws(1840);andinFrancebyA.Blanqui(brotherofthefamousrevolutionary)in1837andM.Briaunein1840.Doubtlessalsobyothers.
[19]Baines,op.cit.,p.441.A.Ure&P.L.Simmonds,TheCottonManufactureofGreatBritain(1861edition),p.390ff.
[20]Geo.White,ATreatiseonWeaving(Glasgow1846),p.272.
[21]M.Blaug,TheProductivityofCapitalintheLancashireCottonIndustryduringtheNineteenthCentury,EconomicHistoryReview(April1961).
[22]ThomasEllison,TheCottonTradeofGreatBritain(London1886),p.61.
[23]Baines,op.cit.,p.356.
[24]Baines,op.cit.,p.489.
[25]Ure&Simmonds,op.cit.,Vol.I,p.317ff.
[26]J.H.Clapham,AnEconomicHistoryofModernBritain(1926),p.427ff.;Mulhall,op.cit.pp.121,332,M.Robbins,TheRailwayAge(1962),p.30—1.
[28]Mulhall,op.cit.501,497.
[29]L.H.Jenks,TheMigrationofBritishCapitalto1875(NewYorkandLondon1927),p.126.
[30]D.Spring,TheEnglishLandedEstateintheAgeofCoalandIron,JournalofEconomicHistory,(XI,I,1951)
[32]AlbertM.Imlah,BritishBalanceofPaymentsandExportofCapital,1816—1913,EconomicHistoryReviewV(1952,2,p.24).
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